Education and Economics Essay

I. Presentation: The customary hypothesis of human capital created by Becker (1962) and Mincer (1974) sees instruction and preparing as the significant wellsprings of human capital amassing that, thus, have immediate and constructive outcome on individuals’ life time income. In the Mincerian procuring capacity, the coefficient of school years shows the profits to instruction, I. e. , how much option in profit happens with an extra school year. There exists a wide scope of writing that assessed the paces of profits to instruction for various nations [Pascharapoulos (1980; 1985; and 1994); Pascharapoulos and Chu Ng (1992)]1. In Pakistan, a large portion of the broadly delegate family unit overviews don't contain data on factors, for example, finished long periods of tutoring, age beginning school, proficiency and numeracy aptitudes, nature of tutoring, and specialized preparing. Because of the inaccessibility of finished school years, one can neither process the potential experience nor watch the impact of an extra year of tutoring on singular income. In this manner, the accessible writing in Pakistan is inadequate in assessing the profits to training by utilizing the Mincerian acquiring function2. As of late, the administration of Pakistan has begun across the country study, Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS), to address the irregular characteristics in the social segment. This review ? The creators are Senior Research Economist and Research Economist at the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) Islamabad. 1 Pascharapoulos (1994) give a far reaching update of the evaluated paces of profits to instruction at a worldwide scale. He watched high social and private productivity of essential training (18%and 9% separately) in all areas of world. The private pace of profits at this level were discovered most noteworthy in Asia (39%) when contrasted with different districts. He likewise noticed an impressive increment in absolute income by an extra year of instruction in all locales of world; 13% in Sub-Saharan Africa; 10% in Asia; 12% in Europe/Middle East/North Africa; and 12% in Latin America/Caribbean. 2 At national level, just two examinations are accessible in Pakistan that utilized the Mincerian winning capacity way to deal with look at the profits to instruction [see Shabbir and Khan (1991) and Shabbir (1994)]. Nonetheless, both these examinations depend on twenty years of age informational index. 2 gives rich data on the previously mentioned factors that were absent in the prior family unit studies. This examination utilizes the information of PIHS to inspect the profits to training by utilizing Mincerian acquiring capacity and along these lines means to fill the vacuum that, because of the absence of fitting information, exists in the writing on comes back to instruction in Pakistan. In this paper we will initially evaluate the procuring capacity with consistent school a very long time with the supposition of uniform pace of profits for all school years. It is contended that distinctive school years confer various aptitudes along these lines we stretch out our investigation to inspect the expansion in gaining related with additional long periods of tutoring at various degrees of instruction, I. e. , how much increment in income happens with an additional time of tutoring at various levels, for example, essential, center, matric, transitional, single guys and experts. By doing so we conquer the difficult that exists in the accessible writing in Pakistan. As far as anyone is concerned no examination has yet received this technique to inspect the profits to training in Pakistan3. The effect of specialized preparing and school quality on the income of fixed salaried and workers will be inspected in this examination. In view of the accessible information in Pakistan, the vast majority of the examinations, for instance, Haque (1977), Hamdani (1977), Guisinger et al (1984), Khan and Irfan (1985), Ahmad, et al (1991); and Ashraf and Ashraf (1993a, 1993b, and 1996) evaluated the winning capacities by characterizing the fake factors for various degrees of education4. These examinations watch low paces of profits at various degrees of instruction when contrasted with other creating nations. Notwithstanding, a positive relationship between levels of training and profit and a converse connection between the level of salary disparity and instructive accomplishment has been noted. So as to look at the between 3 Most of the examinations on comes back to training in Pakistan utilized sham factors for various degrees of instruction where the paces of profits at various degrees of instruction are figured by the evaluated coefficients. 4 In Pakistan, the information on instruction in the majority of the broadly delegate family unit reviews have been accounted for in discrete structure that signifies the fulfillment of various degrees of training, for example, ‘primary yet deficient middle’, ‘middle and fragmented matric’, etc. 3 commonplace differentials in comes back to training, Shabbir and Khan (1991) assessed the Mincerian gaining capacity by utilizing a broadly delegate test, drawn from the of Population, Labor Force and Migration Survey (1979) for the educated workers and salaried guys. Later Shabbir (1994) evaluated the procuring capacity on the all-encompassing example of similar informational collection. These examinations discovered 7 to 8 percent expansion in income with an extra year of tutoring. In spite of the fact that the outcomes are predictable with those of practically identical LDCs yet may not mirror the ongoing improvements in Pakistan’s economy as these investigations depend on the informational index which are 20 years of age now. Since 1979, the economy of Pakistan has gone through different changes, particularly after the initiation of the Structural Adjustment Program in late 1980s. For instance, the education rate has expanded from 26 percent to 45 percent and enrolment at essential level has expanded by 67 percent. Open and family consumptions on training have likewise expanded [Economic Survey (1998-99)]. In addition, because of the monetary imperatives, the business openings in the open area have begun contracting and the economy is moving towards more receptiveness with more grounded job of private part as of late. In this situation, it gets basic to re-test the job of human capital as both private and open divisions are moving towards more proficiency and profitability. This examination is significant from three outlooks. In the first place, so as to gauge the impact of instruction on profit, the latest and broadly agent family review information is utilized which gives itemized data on the factors that were absent in past overviews. Second, it utilizes the splines of training in the procuring capacity to inspect the extra income related with additional school a long time at various levels. Third, this examination explores the job of some significant factors, for example, specialized preparing, school quality, and education and numeracy aptitudes on income just because. 4 The remainder of the paper is sorted out as follows: area 2 presents a diagram of the instruction part. Area 3 layouts the model for experimental estimation and depicts information. Area 4 reports the outcomes. Ends and strategy Implications are introduced in the last Section. II. The Education Sector in Pakistan: An Overview: Education assumes a significant job in human capital development. It raises the profitability and proficiency of people and along these lines produces gifted labor that is fit for driving the economy towards the way of supportable financial turn of events. In the same way as other creating nations, the circumstance of the training part in Pakistan isn't empowering. The low enrolment rates at the essential level, wide abberations among locales and sexual orientation, absence of prepared instructors, inadequacy of appropriate training materials and poor physical foundation of schools show the lackluster showing of this segment. The general education rate for 1997-98 was assessed at 40 percent; 51 percent for guys and 28 percent for females; 60 percent in urban territories and 30 percent in rustic regions. These rates are still among the most reduced on the planet. Because of different measures as of late, the enrolment rates have expanded impressively. Nonetheless, the high drop-out rate couldn't be controlled at essential level. Besides, under-use of the current instructive foundation can be seen through low understudy establishment proportion, (very nearly 18 understudies for each class per organization) low instructor organization proportion (2 educators for each foundation) and high studentteacher proportion (46 understudies for each educator). The very low degrees of open venture are the significant reason for the terrible showing of Pakistan’s instruction part. Open consumption on training stayed under 2 percent of GNP before 1984-85. As of late it has expanded to 2. 2 percent. Moreover, the distribution of government reserves is slanted towards advanced education with the goal that the advantages of open appropriation on training are to a great extent harvested by the upper salary class. A significant number of the exceptionally taught 5 travel to another country either for advanced education or looking for better openings for work. The vast majority of them don't return and cause an enormous open misfortune. After mid-1980s, every administration reported unique projects for the improvement of the training division. Nonetheless, because of the political shakiness, none of these projects could accomplish their objectives. The Social Action Program was propelled in mid 1990s to address the awkward nature in the social area. This program intends to upgrade instruction; to improve school condition by giving prepared instructors, training helps and quality course readings; and to diminish sexual orientation and local abberations. The Phase-I of SAP (1993-96) has been finished and Phase-II is in progress. The increases from the Phase-I are as yet disputable on the grounds that the ascent in enrolment proportion has not been affirmed by the free sources. Independent of this result, government has begun take a shot at Phase-II of SAP. In this Phase, government is giving uncommon consideration to advance specialized and professional instruction, extending advanced education in publ

Uniforms vs No Uniforms

Understudies at schools with authorized clothing standards carry on superior to understudies at schools without upheld clothing standards. They will in general be progressively taught, have more control, and have preferable habits over those understudies without upheld clothing regulations. Understudies with implemented clothing regulations will in general be more instructed than those understudies who go to schools without authorized clothing standards since they will in general go to class more. As per inquire about, understudies that have regalia have better participation since they don't need to stress over what they are wearing to class since everybody is wearing a similar style of apparel. Nobody is there to scrutinize them about how their shirt is terrible or how their shoes don't coordinate what they're wearing. One reason why understudies don't go to class is on the grounds that they don't have the correct garments to fit in or be cool and they would prefer not to get harassed by the â€Å"cool† kids. Another motivation behind why understudies with authorized clothing regulations are progressively taught is on the grounds that since everybody is wearing something very similar, they aren't stressed over who is wearing what. Since they don't have that on their psyches, they have more opportunity to stress over their training and give more consideration in class. Numerous understudies like to talk about what others are wearing. It might be in a positive manner or in a negative way. Be that as it may, in any case, the have their psyches involved on some different option from their classwork. Understudies who go to a school with upheld clothing regulation are bound to concentrate on their instruction since they are going to class to learn, not to stress over who is wearing the most recent garments pattern. Understudies will in general be progressively taught on the off chance that they go to schools that authorize clothing regulations since they have more request at their school. These understudies are requested to follow a specific clothing regulation and it is up to them on the off chance that they need to regard authority or not. The individuals who decide to tune in and go to schools with upheld clothing regulations are clearly more taught than the individuals who don't go to clothing regulation authorized schools. These understudies don't generally get into battles or disrespect their instructors. These understudies will in general be progressively aware to instructors and understudies since they are happy to adhere to the entirety of the school's principles. They tune in to instructors and set genuine models. It is said that children are better carried on when they are dressed flawlessly and unassumingly. Understudies that go to clothing regulation upheld schools have a bigger number of habits and class than those understudies that don't go to clothing standard implemented schools. The motivation behind why these understudies have more class is on the grounds that they realize how to dress individually. They don't circumvent town in shorts or jeans that hang beneath their undies. They aren't the sort of individuals that wear chest uncovering shirts. These understudies are aware and show a ton of class. Schools that uphold clothing standards will in general have less battles happen on their grounds. Their understudies are better carried on and have a bigger number of habits than understudies that go to a school where they don't implement clothing regulations. As indicated by examine, a ton of battles begin in light of the fact that an understudy ridiculed another understudy's garments. All things considered, if schools were stricter on what understudies were permitted to wear and possibly make the understudies wear garbs, these battle could never happen. There was a kid named Johnny who was shrewd. He got nothing lower than An in any of his classes. He was additionally athletic and appreciated playing sports. You would believe that everything was working out in a good way for him with the exception of the way that Johnny had no companions. The children at school would not like to be companions with him as a result of the manner in which he dressed. His folks couldn't bear to get him garments that were â€Å"in† so he didn't fit in with the â€Å"cool† kids. The children at school were too humiliated to even think about being seen conversing with Johnny, so they just stayed away from him. Johnny was continually getting singled out. The children at school would frequently call him names and drop his books in the passage to appear to be cool and fit in with different children who were doing it. Despite the fact that Johnny was athletic, he was consistently the last one to be picked when playing a game. Johnny turned out to be desolate and discouraged on the grounds that as a child, he never had any companions. He began loosen in school, done getting â€Å"A's†. He started to get â€Å"C's† and â€Å"D's† with a couple of incidental â€Å"F's†. He started to skip classes with the goal that he wouldn't need to experience the entire tormenting circumstance. He quit playing sports for they simply didn't bring him much bliss any longer. One day when Johnny was at the shopping center, he saw the pair of Levi's that everybody was wearing to class on a mannequin in a store window. He went in the store and gave them a shot. He cherished the way that he glanced in them and felt that on the off chance that he wore them to class, a portion of the children would imagine that he was cool and conceivably be companions with him. In any case, when he flipped over the sticker price and saw that the pants cost $39. 9, his expectations went down. He would never stand to purchase forty dollar pants. At that point a thought rung a bell. He believed that on the off chance that he took the pants without anybody seeing, at that point he could have them without paying for them. So Johnny left the store with the pants on trusting that nobody would take note. Shockingly, Johnny got captured. Security called his folks in and Johnny got chided by security. They revealed to him the results of taking and how he could wind up in prison. At the point when his folks arrived, they asked Johnny for what good reason he took the jeans and he came clean with them. At the point when they understood what was happening, they moved him to a school where the children needed to wear regalia. Johnny acknowledged how incredible his new friends were and adored the way that nobody was ridiculing him due to his style of garments. At the new school, Johnny turned into his typical self once more, getting straight â€Å"A's† and playing sports. The main contrast was that he currently had a great deal of companions. In this way, understudies who go to schools that uphold clothing standards are preferable carried on over understudies who go to schools that don't authorize clothing regulations. These understudies dress better, have better habits, and they show a great deal of control. Dissimilar to understudies who go to schools that don't uphold clothing regulations who have no control what-so-ever and who dress as they don't mind that they are going to class. By and large, instruction is significant and ought to be paid attention to very. Understudies ought to carry on and be conscious to all friends and educators. In the event that understudies will in general carry on better with authorized clothing regulations, than all schools ought to uphold clothing regulations. All things considered, how we dress does make a difference and it influences our presentation definitely.

12 Extreme Reasons Why People Unlike Your Facebook Page

12 Extreme Reasons Why People Unlike Your Facebook Page Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!12 Extreme Reasons Why People Unlike Your Facebook PageUpdated On 10/01/2016Author : I.G.PradeepTopic : FacebookShort URL : http://hbb.me/1Ob57Gj CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogSocial networks are a huge part of our lives now, and they intervene with every aspect of our lives. The impact of social networks like Facebook makes it easier to be heard by people from all over the world, and we have seen how popular pages are like on Facebook, which makes us think and imagine having a page on Facebook. But not everyone can really have a popular page on Facebook, because a lot of people try fail, but with the right keys you can reach different types of audience. You should understand that people will unlike your Facebook page for many reasons that make your page less likeable, so make sure you understand the following and avoid it.1. Too much activityIf you open yourFaceboo kand you see a too many activities from a particular page, crowded on your wall like Abc123 this, Abc123- that, Abc123- here, Abc123 there and Blah, blah, blah? What would be yourintuitionsays first?2. Not Enough ContentDo you like to stay with the page with not enough content? NO, of course not! If people liked your page, they did so to see more of what you had to say or post, and they want to know more because they are interested, so keep posting but without over posting.3. Irrelevant contentNever post an irrelevant content on your fan page. For example, let’s say I liked a page for reggae music, why would I want to see this page posting about hip hop!4. Repetition of Same content became boring over timeOh, please stop that! Would it be pleasing if you hear that on your Facebook fan page? It would be annoying your visitors. Facebook updates or a post should be viral, not by the repetition of same content. It will be boring over time and it will lead to unlike your Facebook pag e.5. Posting Too Much of Self-PromotionalStuffDon’t make your fan page a junk yard where you post things that are both irrelevant and weird for your fans, instead make it like a Wikipedia or Google for your fans and reduce posting promotional stuff, because they like your page for a certain reason.6. Push MarketingPush marketing never works any more, People are smart now. This will just annoy people and make them look for another page that’s more like what they want and a lot less like what you are posting to them from push marketing.7. Not offering enough dealsIf you have a product and your fans are eager to buy, know that before they buy it from you they will look for it somewhere else to make sure that they are getting the best price, so why not offer them a lower price, or OFFER them different deals that they cannot refuse. This way they will spread your name and also get satisfied with your product.READ10+ Tips To Identify Fake Profiles On Facebook8. Dontbe a JERKSometimes, people will post things that you won’t like. Editing or deleting fan’s comments will just show you are a Jerk. It could kill your reputation, especially if you are trying to build one in a certain market. Try to accept negative comments as constructive criticism instead of getting all defensive about them.9. Promoting fake news/fake offersNever post or write any fake news or make a fake offer, it really makes your fans disappointed and it will make them just get OFF your page in a second. It will also kill your reputation, so make sure you are certain of the things you post, and that they are accurate.10. Never Spread Rumours Spreading rumours on particular group / person / company, will definitely hurt your fans if they are fans of that company / person / group. So never write any kind of news you are not sure of, or you will end up making enemies more than fans.11. Posting adult contentPosting adult content on your page really is very odd when you hold a good reputation in th e society, so never make yourself start posting these types of things or else you will be ruining your name by yourself, and losing the trust of many people. It may also get you in trouble with Facebook, because Facebook doesn’t allow adult content, so unless you are looking to get your page reported and shut down, I would recommend that you avoid posting adult content.12. Tagging members without their permissionYou have to remember one more thing, that you should never ever tag your friends or members without their permission. It will really hurt them if they don’t like the content they were tagged in, and it will annoy them that you are showing them in a certain way across Facebook among their friends.ARE YOU READY TO BE AN OWNER OF A POPULAR FAN PAGE?If you ask yourself that question after reading those annoying reasons that people unlike pages for, then you are ready. You will just need to focus on not doing these things, and you will have the fan base that get along with an d agree with you, without your fans having to deal with mixed feeling about your page from whether it is spam or something they actually like. So just avoid these things and I bet you’ll see better results on your page, as well.

The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights - 3323 Words

With the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the concept of human rights has gradually become one of the most commonly accepted universal norms, referred to in United Nations resolutions, national constitutions and regional and international treaties. Even so, human rights violations occur on an almost daily basis in countries around the world. The term seems to be at the forefront of contemporary political discourses, with its meaning at most times remaining unclear. In theory, human rights serve the sole purpose of protecting the inherent dignity of all representatives of the human family (UDHR 1948) However, there is much disagreement when it comes to theoretically justifying that each human being has rights by virtue†¦show more content†¦This will then serve as a basis for my main argument that human rights are socially constructed and do not exist outside of the realm of politics. This will then feed into the second part of the question where I shall discu ss the prioritisation of community values over an alleged universal foundation. Structure The first part of the essay will concern itself with a more genealogical approach by looking at early philosophical origins of human rights and how these evolved over the years. With this I seek to outline the fact that while efforts to institutionalise human rights were initially a reaction towards global injustice and oppression, in contemporary politics they are used to create power relations, and implicitly, inequality. This will provide a good basis for the second part in which I will look at the incompatibilities within the theory- religion versus Rawls consensus based theory. Analysing the multitude of frameworks with their different ways of approaching and grounding rights underlines and reinforces the fact that there can t be a universal foundation for human rights. The third part will deal with the fact that trying to ground rights into one universal foundation creates an exclusion of those who are different and how we can seek to move away from this problem. Natural Law and Natural Rights The origin of the modern rights discourse is that of natural law dating back to antiquity. Plato was one of the first advocates for a universal

Diversity Discrimination and Service Users - 1377 Words

UNIT 203 1. What is meant by Diversity Diversity simply means a variety of things. It is understood that each individual is unique, and recognising our individual differences. These can range from race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive and nurturing environment Diversity is about recognising, valuing and taking account of peoples different backgrounds, knowledge, skills, and experiences, and encouraging and using those differences to create a productive and effective educational community and workforce. 2. What is meant by Equality Equality simply means equal†¦show more content†¦On these occasions, if after dialogue and discussion their behaviour continues – you may have to take further action away from the incident or event. 7. Explain how you promote equality and inclusion in your work and how this helps to reduce discrimination Practices that support diversity, quality and inclusion to reduce the likelihood of discrimination may include encouraging everyone to express their views and have them listened to which in turn helps us to respect and celebrate peoples differences, promoting good practice valuing their individuality enabling them to be fully involved not only in their own lives but everyone around them. Also by having policies in place that all can read and follow within the setting , managers can go on and /or send staff on training to make them more aware of discrimination and what it is and ways that they could prevent it. 8. Which legislation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination apply to your own role There are various pieces of legislation in place to promote equality and reduce discrimination. 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Multiculturalism Has Had a Rough Start - 648 Words

Obama once said that a multicultural society shows strong economy and a strong country. But is it true? What about those who cannot integrate? What about all those people who look down at the immigrants and always blame them for the bad things there happening? And is it a strong society if it cannot provide its citizens? In Denmark we are having a hard time accepting our immigrants. We blame them for almost everything. But it is not our immigrants in general; it is primarily those from the Middle East. If the immigrants come from Sweden, France, England and so on, we have no problems with them. We do not blame them for those things there going bad, but why? Is it because of the cultural differences, or is it just easier to blame the Arabs after 9/11? In the UK and the US they have more success by integrating the immigrants, but they do as well experience the same problems with the immigration of Arabs. I believe that it is a result of the huge media covering of the terror situation in the world. And as long as the media are exhibiting people from the Middle East as terrorists there will be a general negative opinion about the Arab people, and therefore the accepting of the people from Arabian will be difficult. The problem with the immigrants is the missing integration of them in the society. But the Danes cannot be blamed for this, because the immigrants are trans-national. What I mean by that is very simple: the immigrants care more for the countries they escaped and theShow MoreRelatedIn an Essay Explain What Insights Are Offered Through an Examination of the Concept of Identity. 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Alternatives to Bureaucracy to Motivat Workers Essay Example For Students

Alternatives to Bureaucracy to Motivat Workers Essay There are many alternatives that are used to motivate workers beyond the conventional bureaucratic ways that was once thought of as the only way to control workers.Since the 1960s we have learned a great deal of information leading to the discovery of alternatives to bureaucratic organizations. Today, bureaucratic ideas are still widely used among organizations, however a shift in thinking occurred and the question was asked, What are the alternatives if bureaucracy it not working in an organization? Bureaucracies Defined:According to Max Weber, bureaucracy is the most efficient and most rational known means of exercising authority over human beings (Weber, p223). Further it is reliable, precise and stable, these are all terms that are desired for large complex organizations that need to control vast amounts of employees. Bureaucracy is based on legitimate authority, those that are being controlled by others; accept oppression as part of the work along. There are several characterist ics that mold a particular organization into following the bureaucracy model, such as, rules, hierarchy, salaried careers, written documents and appointment. These characteristics serve as a guideline, or an owners manual of sorts that has a preconceived effect for each cause with the organization. Even if bureaucracy is working to its full capacity within an organization, there can be times when is no longer efficient to use alone. Bureaucracy is still used within organization but usually in conjunction with an alternative. Agency Theory Defined:The goal of agency theory is getting people to do the best job for the best price and least amount of risk. One decision is to fill a sales district with representatives called external or with an employee sales force called internal (Anderson, p 234). An internal sales force is a company who uses their own employees to sell a product they have produced. They are employed by the organization and receive a salary, no matter if the product is successful or not. The externalized labor market consists of independent contractors who agree to sell the product for the company for this they receive a commission according to the amount of products sold. Companies who have greater difficulty in evaluating a salespersons performance are more likely to substitute surveillance for commission as a control device (Anderson, p 234). Internal sales forces are associated with complex, hard to learn product lines in which the selling districts expect nonselling activities. Advanta ges/Disadvantages:As stated above, direct sales people are employees of the company also called internalized labor. The major advantage to having this type of labor is that it is easier to control because they are integrated in the company. Another advantage to internalized labor is long term meaning employees stay in the organization, they want the security of working for a company that will pay them paycheck whether they have been successful in selling a product or not. Another benefit is keeping critical people that are key to the operations and/or have a specific knowledge of task. The disadvantages include costly overhead, metering costs and mediocre performance. It costs a company a lot of money to employee a full-time person along with benefits and a retirement. Employees expect some kind of security and loyalty from the company even in difficult times.All these costs do not guarantee that the employee will perform well; in fact, most employees do the minimum amount to receiv e a paycheck. To externalize labor means to outsource labor, which is done by on a contractual basis either by a large company specializing in a vast array of products or by an independent person. These outside agents are responsible for selling products for a company but are not part of the companys integration structure. They are not salaried but are employees working on a commission only basis. In fact, these representatives may sell several different products from many companies at the same time; they are focused on the buyers of these goods. The advantages to outsourcing the sales force include customer loyalty, low and stable costs and performance is evaluated by actual sales. These independent agents have a large customer base since they are peddling more than one companys products; they rely on these strong networks for present and future business deals. Again, when a company externalizes the labor costs remain low and are on a piecework type rate; one is only paid for what they sell. The downside of externalized labor is that the contactor focuses only on the commission, and does not offer guarantees to the products that they sell. Further, they can refuse to do any extra nonselling assignments, like conventions or extra paperwork. Some examples of independent contractors are Warner Lambert Co, Mary Kay cosmetics, Amway and Real Estate Agents. In which a commission is earned on product sales, in other words, pay is connected with performance. Conclusion:Transaction Cost or Agency theory is just one of many alternatives organizations have available as a way to control employees. The findings in this comparison of external and internal labor sources suggest that when a company is unsure of what their employee is doing, it is cheaper to use surveillance as a control tactic. If a company has general product that is not complicated, it may be more advantageous to outsource since control would not be as necessary. Many companies may use a combination of both internal and externalized labor, since risks may vary according to what is sold. If given the choice most of us would pick the internal labor side, because it is secure, dependable and predictable. Organizations must way the risks with control to decide the best way a job will get done with the minimal amount of employee control.

History of Hiroshima

How to Write a Personal Statement for Medical School

How to Write a Personal Statement for Medical School How to Write a Personal Statement for Medical School Personal statement for a medical school is a challenge. Medicine is a challenging and exciting subject in general. How to lay down your soul in front of a stranger and explain that is your dream to study medicine and at the same time sound reasonable and capable of doing so? It is not a secret that medical schools try to find and attract the best applicants. You have to be young, you have to be motivated, you have to have the guts and the capabilities and sometimes even that is not enough. So how to make yourself visible with a single statement? Basics of writing personal statement for medical school First, a personal statement for medical school shows who you are and why you want to study medicine. Second, you have to distinguish yourself from the rest in the personal statement; show that you are more capable than the others, more enthusiastic and that you are the one who deserves to be accepted. You have to start writing your personal statement for a medical school by showing yourself, what drives you, what interests you in the medical field, what are your values, beliefs, interests, etc. Make a strong introducing sentence, add everything that will make you closer to the people reading your personal statement for a medical school capturing their interest and making them acknowledge you. And it is not only who you are, but also who you want to be after you graduate. What are your goals, dreams and future achievements? Planning a personal statement for medical school Before starting to write a personal statement for a medical school, in fact before starting to write whatever, you need to prepare notes and a plan. You must have those notes memorized and be able to reconstruct them at all times because this is your future plan of life. You must have the strongest evidence why you want to study medicine. This is not a random choice; it is something that you have been preparing for a long time. The reasons for studying anything are deeply personal and so it is your motivation on it. You simply need to sit aside and put on paper why you want to do that. You also have to consider who you are writing to. You have already targeted a couple of universities. Your statement will be considered and read by a committee of people for ten or fifteen minutes. What they will be looking for is your MCAT scores, GPAs, recommendations and applications, so write and emphasize on that. Useful advice in writing a personal statement for medical school There are some other useful pieces of advice on writing a personal statement for medical school. There are some things that you should avoid: First, writing personal statement for a medical school is not your resume, especially in a narrative form or a confession. This is not a plea for acceptance. It is very important not to use conceptions that you do not fully understand. Stick to the basics. Also, avoid using slang or abbreviations. This is not a statement about how your life is unfair to you, what it means for you or for your religion, how important a friend or a close person’s sickness was to you. This is about you, being a non-specialist who writes to a smart and intelligent audience. What are your actions so far in a medical field? This is the essential and most important part! Have you done some research, internship, voluntary work or whatsoever that shows that you do really have interest in that profession even after gaining a firsthand experience because let’s be honest, that is not an easy job and having a real taste of it shows whether you are really capable of doing it. Make your statement flow. Use good English and right punctuation. At the end, keep an eye on the word count. Your statement has to be well-organized and sharp, do not get the reader bored with too much information! Proofread the essay and make sure that all information is proper and accurate.

Ethical and Legal Aspects of Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical and Legal Aspects of Healthcare - Essay Example Additionally, the procedure, if widely available, would lessen the urgency to make available new medicines designed to extend life. Those who are against the procedure on religious grounds contend that it is ‘playing God’ consequently sinful. Health care professionals refer to the Hippocratic Oath which prohibits them from performing this procedure. This discussion will examine the moral and legal concerns surrounding euthanasia, explain the meaning of the term, give arguments for the practice and end with a recommendation to solve the issue. Euthanasia describes a circumstance in which an incurably ill patient is given a mortal dose of medication, is detached from a life-support system or is basically allowed to die without active involvement for example by resuscitation. A physician’s involvement in the procedure could be to either intravenously insert a needle into the terminal patient who themselves activate a switch that delivers the fatal dose or to order a lethal dose of drugs with the express intention of ending a life. (Naji et al, 2005). Euthanasia by doctors as well as non-physicians has been lawful in Switzerland since WWII. Additionally, three organizations within the nation have been formed to help terminally ill patients. They supply patient counseling in addition to the medications for use in the procedure. Lethal injections, however, are not permissible. The atypical situation in Switzerland holds that euthanasia is allowed as long as a doctor is not involved in the process (Hurst & Mauron, 2003). Euthanasia has been legally permissible in Belgium since 2002. Each circumstance must be reviewed by two doctors prior to the procedure being performed by either injection or ingestion. In The Netherlands, euthanasia has been legal for seven years but has been tolerated for a quarter century. The directive for physicians stipulated by the government include; â€Å"the patient must be suffering unbearably and have no hope of improv ement, must ask to die and the patient must clearly understand the condition and prognosis (and) a second doctor must agree with the decision to help the patient die† (â€Å"The Fight†, 2004). Advocates of euthanasia are concerned with people suffering. Many diseases such as cancer often result in a protracted and excruciatingly agonizing death. Witnessing a loved one as they slowly wither away from the malady eating away at their bodily organs is rough enough for their family members, but to see them in severe pain even when drugs are given is unbearable not to mention the agony the patient must endure. This physically and emotionally torturous circumstance occurs in every hospital, every day of the year yet serves no good purpose. To many people, it is unthinkable to allow anyone, for instance, a sweet grandmother who has spent her entire adult life caring for other people, to spend the last months of their life suffering from continuous pain, incapable of controlling bodily functions, coughing, vomiting, convulsing, etc. The emotional pain for both the patient and family is unimaginably horrendous as well. If grandma were an animal most all regardless of ideology would agree that the only compassionate choice would be to ‘put her to sleep.’ American citizens are guaranteed certain inalienable rights but not the right to ‘

Final Project- Google Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Final Project- Google - Research Paper Example This company is also unique in its marketing strategies compared to others and the management formulae as well. However, just like every other company, it does not go without facing major challenges from both within and without which require to be fixed so that the company can progress. The company has a unique management structure in each area. They have expanded in different parts of the world and therefore cannot afford to risk making loses due to wrong IT management structure. As a result, each region has its own head manager, team of directors and chain of employees going down. This enables the addressing of the needs of each region in a manner that best suits those living there. There is also a unique factor about the way in which the Google Company advertises itself. This is done in each region uniquely depending n the cultural values and religious beliefs of the region. Dividing this forms of advertisement enables the company first perform a research on what is considered ethical within eh community in order to ensure that he marketing advertisements they do not offensive to the public. Each region has different needs and it is important that the company present their product in a manner that seems to address these needs. As a result, there are different fo rms of advertisement in each region aimed at capturing the attention of many and winning numbers of users of the Google search engine. Even though the Human Resource department of the Google Company views the employees as an important asset and offers compensation and benefits such as basic salary, medical facility, a bonus, gratuity fund, social security and pick and drop, the company still faces challenges. One of the major challenges facing this organization is that both the employees as well as the management may have lost a clear direction and a common purpose for the company. There was low morale within the company as a result of several attempted

Toy Business Plan Essay Example for Free

Toy Business Plan Essay 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   executive summary This project proposal is being submitted in fair view of globalised businesses and the success it has achieved. Internet technology is enabling to the growth of SMEs apart from multinational businesses. There is greater scope for new opportunities with optimized skill and knowledge invested as the basic requisite to begin any venture. Times always change and so also generation of entrenpreneurs. There are many advancements in the present technology times, the present generation of people are much faster, quickly grasp and in possess potential abilities at a young age to start off businesses on ownership. On a single platform there is a rapid growth of business with the skills and expertise knowledge in a particular field. There are many developments, changes happening around the world and essentially among all financial independence is the most important in order to live well. With this view, after coming to an understanding, that people who possess excellent business skills and have adequate knowledge to run a business, this business plan of toy currency has been prepared with a motive to serve customers and to provide employment to other people as an income source. Toddlers are the precious customers who are going to making this business much bigger. Toddlers are most individualistic in perception, who do not permit others to involve in play time. Toy currency is being extended to children who are one year old or above who can learn and understand about currency coins, denominations and how it is counted and used. Although the idea of money is a big word for children who are one year old, pronunciation of dollar currency, learning about denominations, counting currency are some of the basics that are being promoted to children. Objective 1 Objective Time frame  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dollar currency An excellent product.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Educational toy for children Business that can tap toy market.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Age group 1year and above Returns in a span of 6-12 months Objective 2 Objective Time frame  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To entertain and educate children.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To market innovative and useful toy products 6-12 months  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be a leader in toy industry 3-5 yrs. cash flow   graphic 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction 2.1.  Ã‚   Purpose The purpose of this business plan is to start a dollar currency game for toddlers as a promotion of education.   The proposed education game is non-hazardous and extremely attractive for toddlers as a tool for pre-school learning at home.   This business plan requires minimum investment and minimum number of workers whereas its idea is to reach a large pool of customers on a global level. Although the business is not too motivated towards making quick profits, with the entrepreneurs experience and energy, this business would like to expand in future years on a consistent pace marking a reputation in the market. 2.2.  Ã‚   Description of the product/service Product distribution rights are freely available in retail chain and wholesale market apart from franchise outlets. However, the distributors and franchisees are expected to have a permit license to sell toys and also must abide by the legal terms and conditions that are provided by the company.   Further wholesalers and retailers are not authorized to claim any legal rights about the toy apart from distribution and sale. The entire ownership and copyrights of toys rest with the   manufacturing company. Further apart from consumer market, the toy would also be available for preparatory model schools, kindergarten and upper kindergarten schools. This is permitted in order to bring awareness among schools that such educational toys are also being promoted in order to make teaching skills much easier. 2.3.  Ã‚   Background The motive behind this business is to start an independent unit which is both useful and that sells all through the year without any halt. Both entrepreneurs have excellent business skills, one with a degree in MBA and the other with M.A (Child psychology) Both are of the view that launching an educational toy would be a massive success as this product is presently not available in the market and with this innovative idea, entrepreneurs are also of the opinion that the business would also provide employment to those who are jobless. Appendix I : Details of proprietors. Purchase of on-going concern is also a good idea, as most of the manufacturing equipment, office systems, and manpower are readily available for takeover whereas minimum operating expenses and start-up expenses are the only major expenses.   Another opinion is also stated here that a new set up of business is also a good idea whereas extra efforts and care is required until business takes its shape for start-off and take-off. 2.4.  Ã‚   Assumptions There are absolutely no assumptions that do not materialise or work in a practical manner.   This proposed business being a mathematical and educational toy/game for kids; there are no misconeptions about the acceptance and success of currency toy/game in the toy market. 2.5.  Ã‚   Definitions Toy dollar currency : This means that U.S currency in wood or plastic form is designed only for learning or for playing for little children. This currency carries no commercial value or resale value. Wholesaler : Wholesaler is a licensed toy seller   who is authorised to distribute toy dollar currency game to retail stores, schools, educational institutions or any other place where pre-school training or learning is provided. Franchisees : Franchisees are those who enter into contract with the entrepreneurs that no other product franchise would be undertaken within the contract period and carry exclusive rights to market toy dollar currency at a global pace with the medium of Internet or through any other effective marketing tool under the disclosure of owners of business. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GENERAL analysis 3.1.  Ã‚   Business Mission The mission of business is to promote healthy, innovative and knowledgeable products for growing generation. In this global arena, it is required that kids have to be in a learning environment which would shape kids in a better way in development of personalities.   Globalisation has evolved several global businesses wherein every business produces a new product, new idea, new promotion and motive is ultimately to make quick profits whereas our mission is far distant to such speedy money sources. Business   must extend a product that is useful to consumers and in return consumers take care of companies to grow and prosper which is the give-n-take policy of this   business.   In fact businesses must grow along with consumers which gives a complete satisfaction both to consumers as well to entrepreneurs. The purpose of this product is to assist kids to learn about dollar currency counting in the initial stages of learning.   Especially toddlers taste every toy and find out what it is meant for. That is the origin of child psychology. Whether it is a candy or a toy, toddler identifies only by tasting it.   Toddlers prefer exclusive premise for breakfast, lunch and dinner and so also for play time. At times, if there is a disturbance to privacy or interest, toddlers yell in order to tell how big and important the meal and play time is. In such instance, a think over plan is here to provide knowledge to toddler about dollar currency beginning from cents. This toy comes in a 30L x 15B box with a 3 steel/plastic rods fixed in it. Coins beginning from 1 cent to 100 cents are fixed to enable toddler to learn counting of cents.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second rod contains coins beginning from 1 dollar to 100 dollars. The third rod contains coins beginning from 1 million to 100 million.   The rods cannot be removed and neither the coins. The toddler can only push from one end to the other by counting cents, dollars and millions.   Three colors are chosen for three rods and also for coins for easy identification of coins denomination.   There is a provision for learning addition, subtraction, multiplication and division (BODMAS) whereas it is not a must for toddlers. The market served would be entire domestic market and also depending on the marketing methods, export of sales to other countries are   expected. In the initial period of launch of product, the owners are expecting a good feedback from wholesalers and franchisees.   The pricing of toy would be reasonable costing $5.00 and after when sales pick up in a span of one year or more, there is a probability to increase the selling price by another $1.00. Primarily the owners would like to tap success in toy market by launching this product and also with the motive to satisfy customers who are looking for such educational promoting product.   Owners would like to consult parents, buyers and other distributors for feedback and also consider opinions about the product from time to time. Goal of business would be to run a self-sufficient business apart from offering employment to others, as jobs have become necessary particularly in a country like U.S where people are working 16-18 hrs per day doing two or more part/full time jobs, the owners believe that ‘live and let others also live’.   Owners are also of the fact that, money making in business is important   whereas customer satisfaction is equally important.  Ã‚   Many businesses in the past have proved this fact that ethics in business are very important in order to grow consistently and to stay in business market. Individuals who are educated and mastered the skills for doing excellent business can very well float a business independently instead of working elsewhere and as a matter of fact, there are many housewives and couples who have begun businesses in kitchen which have later grown to be multinationals which reiterates that skill, dedication and customer satisfaction are three variables that have to be looked into to enter business field. 3.2.  Ã‚   Business Structure and Management The proposed business would be a private limited company with two important entrepreneurs as the driving force behind the business plan.  Ã‚   The management considers the advice of business consultants, accountants and legal experts in order to incorporate a private limited company, establish manufacturing unit, and commence business with administrative staff viz., accountant, marketing manager, reception desk and skilled labor . While accountant would be taking care of complete financial system of company, marketing manager would be completely responsible for marketing the product and inform management on daily basis about the feedback and response from the market. Reception would be responding to enquiries for distributors, wholesalers, retailers and other educational institutions and provide complete information to management on every day basis. Workforce would be approximately less or equal to 10   individuals in order to manufacture plastic coins and rods, make carton boxes, arrange and pack and load into transport or deliver the product to the destination.  Ã‚   There should also be provision for trucks, drivers and   helping boys to load cartons from one place to another. Further company’s web site neatly designed providing a complete set of information about product, facility for online purchase, email, enquiry form should be made available in order to tap online sales for the product. 3.3.  Ã‚   Market Environment Management is confident that the product would be very well accepted in the market and would increase sales in the first month of its launch. The reason for this assessment is due to the fact that there is no other isolated currency toy in the market at present whereas other games include business as a concept for the age group of above 8yrs which are called as ‘monopoly’ . This game encourages children to count paper currency, buy hotels, resorts, which explain children that business and personal income can be earned in various forms and methods by doing buying and selling with the medium of currency. Similarly, a toddler hardly when one year old, when begins to learn alphabets and digits, a concept of currency counting helps child to gain knowledge about money and how it is counted and what are its forms.   This game faces absolutely no competition as it is the first ever toy that is being launched in market for this age group of one year and above especially when it is coming in educational promotion. This does not mean that educational toys are not available in the market. There are many for kindergarten for learning alphabets, maths, science and many other I.Q games and toys.   This particular model of toy is not available in the market and with this stance, when a discussion was held, many toy market experts were of the opinion that toy price being moderately low, there is absolutely no question as to why the product cannot tap success and above all, all group of consumers would evince interest in buying this product as it was revealed in a survey. 3.4.  Ã‚   Plant Equipment Plant and equipment required for starting this venture is no more than $50,000 which includes operating expenses. Machinery for manufacture of plastic coins, embossing of currency in various denominations, colouring, printing and steel rods manufacturing machinery and machinery for making 3015 plastic boxes.   This is the major equipment that is required in order to manufacture toy currency. 3.5.  Ã‚   Skills Assessment There is a consultant who is experienced and who is an expert in toy market especially in designing currency, who is hired by management until the commencement of business.   The guidance of expert is proving to be the most precious for the management in order to train the labor to perform and produce the desired quality of toy. One of the owners is an MBA graduate who completely acquainted with business skills to motivate labor, and maintain good HR practices with workers and employees. Apart from this capital budget, finance budget and forecast of sales is also an expertise field of this MBA graduate entrepreneur. The other owner who is M.A in psychology understands and has the ability to promote this educational toy to schools and educational institutions for bringing awareness about toy currency and its important in development of child psychology.   The importance of money can never be taken for granted and it is important for parents and society to train children as how to handle money matters and how a currency can be useful in day-to-day life. In a way, this can be described as teaching of money management for children. 3.6 Risk Analysis At present, owners do not foresee any risks in commencement of business.   The SWOT analysis reveals that a great strength and energy exists with owners with the fact that an innovative product is being launched with a motive to serve and educate customers. This concludes another fact that motives matter most in business and good businesses thrive on honest motives. Apart from this, MBA graduate is fully conversant with business laws, legal and corporate laws. M.A child psychology helps even better to launch more number of good toys in the market which is also another strength of the making this business plan a success. There are no possible weaknesses in the business with the fact that both the entrepreneurs have a mixed strength and good motives. Unless there is a massive unforeseen loss or event that hampers the production of business, there is no scope for any crop up of weaknesses. Opportunities are many in toy market. In fact toy market is never saturated unlike other industries. There is always something new and also there is no end for demand and supply. Threats in toy market are although at a moderate percentage, the proposed toy currency is free from any hazards as the children cannot dislocate coins and have to sit at one place and play as long as the interest goes on. Record the SWOT details in Appendix:II 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   operational plan 4.1.  Ã‚   Key Business Objectives Key business objectives in â€Å"SMART† system are as follows: S – Specific : To promote toy currency as a good product in toy market. The objective of the business is to promote educational products to children under the age of 5. Certainly the motive is not behind making quick money and rather serving customers useful products   and definitely making a new pattern of design and mark in business. Therefore, there is a professional code in starting this business which is why the objectives of business are very specific. M – Measurable : The performance of business is forecasted to do extremely well with toy currency entry into the market. Initial sales volume is expected to sell approximately 10000 toys in the first 5 months of launch and thereafter there is a proposal to increase 1000 nos by every month.   As this is only an assumption whereas when the product truly available in market, the sales are expected to rise above assumptions. In a span of three years, i.e. by 2010, the business is expected to be really doing well with a proportionate share of sale of product in the toy market. A – Achievable : The targets set before Achievable targets within the limitations of business. Depending on the orders that would be received from various distributors, the production would be made. Although, the start-up appears to be at a low pace, there is a guarantee that future targets would be quite achievable depending on the sales and order volumes recorded each year. R – Results oriented : This business is quite practical and extends knowledge and comfort to customers. There would be no difficulties or any problems that can occur with the usage of product. The product is absolutely result-oriented and there is a premonition that by the end of first month of production, there may be a requirement to double the production in order to meet the demand of product. T – From the very first day business , management is active working operations, collecting feedback, finding new customers, distributors, picking up of orders and paying more attention that quality of goods is perfect. Initially at the end of every month, there would be a trial balance, balance sheet for taking note of sales and profits. Once the financial statements are indicating good sales track and profits, quarterly PL and thereafter half-yearly and yearly.   For any business to mark success, time is the essence whereas for this project,   there are absolute guarantees for success with the fact that this is an innovative product being manufactured in the interest of future generation of children. Objective 1  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Objective Time frame  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conduct a professional standard  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Run an efficient business 1-5 yrs  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Practice business ethics 4.1.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Implementation Strategy In this stage of implementation, firstly the incorporation certificate is to be obtained that a private limited company is being incorporated with the name â€Å"Currency Point Pvt Ltd† The two directors would be Bill Joe and Charles who would be busy in commencement of business operations. A suitable location is to be selected for installing machinery to begin production. The premises would include both production and administrative office. Staff and workers have to attend regularly until orders are picked up. Advertisement through brochures, television, classified ads and websites would enable fast pick up of sales. Further designing of website and launching for marketing is also essential.   Preparation of monthly sales report, marketing report, Income and expenditure statement and targets for future months have to be recorded on a monthly basis.   Suitable guidance, training and advice must be provided to workers and employees in both administration and in production. It is also good to retain employees with the fact that frequent new appointments require excessive time in recruitment, training and guidance.   Appendix:IV Development Brief description rationale Cost 2008  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First year of commencement of business. The objective is to market product and record sales as much as possible 10000 2009  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market and sell the product and aim to record a higher sales volume. 20000 2010  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increase business volume by exporting and also open RD centre for working on new educational toys for children. 30000 4.2   Marketing 4.2.1Market Research According to the market research conducted, toy currency is not available in the market which is designed especially for toddlers between the age group of 1 and 1 ½ years. 4.2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positioning in the Market There is zero competition from competitors as there are no companies which are manufacturing this product and in fact the management owns the complete credibility of the product from the groundwork till the launch of product into the market. 4.2.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pricing Strategy Pricing of the product is fixed at an affordable rate keeping in the view of both poor and middle class families.   Toy currency is fixed at $5.00 as MRP price in the market. 4.2.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Target Market The market focus would be all through the United States and Europe and thereafter marketing would be shifted to Asia, Africa and other parts of the world.   Here at this, it is important to take note that if orders being booked for Europe, company management would consider the opinion of customers whether the toy currency should be indicated as ‘Euro’ for European buyers and so also for other parts of the world. It is true that toy is being manufactured in dollar currency, wheras if other global customers prefer regional currencies, a provision is included to manufacture according to the currency required.   However, this is only a provision and not mandatory to meet as an obligation in order increase order supplies. Toy currency is aimed at entertaining toddlers whereas if it is entertaining upper age group, this business appreciates the interest.   There are no limitations or no rules for customers to buy this product. It is displayed in retail stores for $5.00 and any number of volumes can be purchased with proper billing system. 4.2.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Distribution Licenced distributors for toys are permitted to distribute toy currency after signing a contract with the company. Depending on the orders, each distributor generates, fixed incentive would be paid.   E.g. 500 orders per month would give an incentive of 0.25 cents x 500 = $125.00.   This rate of incentive is also applicable for franchisees.   Further franchisees are not permitted to promote any other product other than toy currency. 4.2.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Promotional Strategy Visiting Montessori schools,   collecting data about distributors, franchisees, advertisement are some of promotional strategies. These efforts are made in order to market toy currency in various places.   The company would like to stay focused with this product at least for a period of 3 years until business is stabilised. Further company promises excellent customers service, packing and forwarding , apart from good methods of publicity through door-to-door campaign, brochures and schools. 4.2.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sales Targets The first year of selling is targeted to be at least 10,000 nos. The second year of selling is targeted to be 50,000 nos and the third year of selling is targeted to be 100000 and above. One of the reason to target an increase by 100 fold is the pricing of toy currency is at an affordable rate and it can purchased by every parent. 4.3. Financial Plan. 4.3.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Start-up Capital Description Budget-Amt Incorporation expenses $   1,000 Premises for Rent $   4,000 Machinery $ 60,000 Installation $  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   500 Electricity and fixtures, fittings $  Ã‚   1,000 Raw materials $ 10,000 Miscellaneous $  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   500 Total $   77,000 Loan financing $ 100,000 Here there is a margin of $ 23000 as a safe mode of operation in order to meet other expenses if any occur at the time of production. 4.3.3 Assessment of Financial Viability of Proposed Business Owners are not investing any amount and financing of $100000 is sought from SBA or from other FIs and the repayment would be yearly $ 5000   which would take 20 months to refund entire loan amount. The cost of manufacturing of each toy currency box at production level would be $4.00 and with a profit of $1.00 the product would be marketed in consumer market.   This margin of profit if it is maintained, depending on the sales, the company can record huge volume of business even in the first year of business. For e.g. $ 5.00 x 10,000 = 50,000 (profit   = S.P – C.P, $ 50,000 $ 40,000 = $ 10,000)   If it is assumed that in the first 6 months on an average there is a sale of 10,000 nos the profit is $ 10,000 and this is after payment of salaries and expenses, which is reasonably good. Breakeven = Operating expenses / Gross profit margin Operating expenses Gross profit margin Breakeven 2008 $ 15,000   $   20,000 0.75 2009 $ 10,000 $ 120,000 0.83 2010 $ 12,000 $   220,000 0.054 4.3.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cash Flow/Cash Position   Cash flow on monthly basis is expected to be moderately good. It can be further calculated as on an average if there is a sale of 200 nos per day 15 x $ 5.00 = $ 750 and monthly cash flow would be $ 750 x 26 (exclude Sundays) $ 19,500. If this is carried forward on for 12 months $ 19,500 x 12   = $ 234,000.   The proposed annual cash flow at the end of three years would be $ 234000 x 3 = $ 702,000. Out of the above, it is required to exclude salaries, tax payments and raw material expenses or any other expenses such as depreciation to machinery, rent and payment of electricity bills. 4.3.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Profit and Loss Depending on the sales, a forecast of profit is made approximately to $ 10,000 in the first year as $ 10,000   and for three years the profit would be $ 30,000. 4.3.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Balance Sheet The equity share capital which is invested to an extent of $ 100,000 is used in fixed assets and in commencement of business. 4.3.7 Ratio Calculations Profitability =   Earnings after Taxes / Sales I year : 12000/100,000 = 0.12 II year : 28000/200,000 = 0.14 III year: 192000/300,000 = 0.64 Return on Assets = Earnings after Assets / Total Assets APPENDIX I – CURRICULUM VITAE OF DIRECTORS Name : Bill Joe Age   Ã‚  Ã‚  : 26 yrs Education : M.B.A from Kelloggs school of business. Experience : 2 years as Business executive in Stand Still Toys Ltd., Los Angeles. Skills Category Grading of Skills Underdeveloped  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well Developed List of relevant skill categories 1 2 3 4 5 Dynamic, energetic and potential abilities √ Excellent business and marketing skills √ Good and hardworking √ Name : Charles Age  Ã‚  Ã‚   : 26 yrs Education : M.A in Child psychology from St.Mary’s University, California Experience : 2 years as Schoolteacher in   St.Paul’s model school, Los Angeles. Skills Category Grading of Skills Underdeveloped  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well Developed List of relevant skill categories 1 2 3 4 5 Dynamic, energetic and potential abilities √ Excellent educational skills √ Good and hardworking √ APPENDIX II – SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education and experience OPPORTUNITIES THREATS  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Great scope for developing new toys. APPENDIX III – TIMELINE OF GOALS OBJECTIVES First Year Operation Development Brief description rationale Cost First year-2008 Establishing business  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production, marketing and selling. $ 100,000 Second year-2009 Pick up of sales  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increase in sales volume $ 200,000 Third year-2010 Stabilise business  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Domestic and export market $ 300,000 APPENDIX IV – MARKETING IMPLEMENTATION PLAN BUDGET    Marketing Plan Implementation Plan Budget for MI First year-2008 Establishing business and reach out for consumers Production and supply of product in domestic market. $ 100,000 Second year-2009 Identify new areas Increase in sales volume $ 200,000 Third year-2010 Stabilise business Domestic and export market $ 300,000 Appendix V Cash Flow Projections Cash flow statement Sources of funds 2008 2009 2010 Beginning cash 40,000 50,000 60,000 Sales / Income 100,000 200,000 300,000 Contributed capital 100,000 Available cash $140,000 $250,000 $360,000 Usage of funds Salaries 15,000 25,000 30,000 Operating expenses 15,000 10,000 12,000 Loan payments 0 5,000 5,000 5,000 Tax payments 2,000 2,000 2,000 Total cash out $27,000 $47,000 $49,000 Net cash flow $140,000 $250,000 $360,000 PROFIT AND LOSS Profit and Loss Account    2008 2009 2010 Total Sales 100,000 200,000 300,000 Cost of sales 80,000 160,000 240,000 Gross profit 20,000 40,000 60,000 Expenses Electricity, phone and internet 1,000 1,000 1,000 Travelling charges 1,000 500 500 Marketing 1,000 500 500 Raw material 5,000 10,000 20,000 Net profit $12,000 28,000 $38,000 BALANCE SHEET Balance Sheet 2008 2009 2010 Assets Cash and dues 40,000 35,000 30,000 Machinery 60,000 60,000 60,000 Total Assets Liabilities Loan 100,000 95,000 90,000 Total Assets 100,000 95,000 90,000 Total Liabilities 100,000 95,000 90,000 References The Business Plan is not Just a Plan, but Selling a Document Accessed January 11, 2008 http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/bp_startup_byvk.html Get the most out of your planning by setting smart objectives Accessed January 11, 2008 from http://www.smartmonkeymarketing.co.uk/news.php?a=20070612-1-SmartObjectives Three year projected income statement Accessed January 11, 2008 http://www.state.co.us/oed/sbdc/business/threeyear.pdf NxLeveLâ„ ¢Ã‚  Entrepreneur Business Plans Accessed January 11, 2008 http://www.nxlevel.org/download/123321_c_sU128881_s_i1591/e+bp+sum.doc

marketing Essay -- essays research papers

Marketing Assignment Product The product I am going to design and develop is a brand extension of REEBOK. I am going to design and develop a REEBOK. Mini-disc player. It will aim at 18-26 year olds. I have chosen this certain age group because of the research carried out. From my research I can conclude that the age groups are interested in owning a mini disk player because of many reasons e.g. style, size, price etc. I have chosen REEBOK. because they are quite popular among the target market I have chosen to aim. REEBOK are among one the well known brands in the world, shortly after NIKE. Consumers are interested to REEBOK products because of their designs, quality and logs. Reeboks prices tend to be a little cheaper then their main competitors Nike, Adidas and Puma. You can see this from the research table below: LOGO PRICE Reebok  £25- £56 Nike  £46- £150 Puma  £28-  £60 Adidas  £35- £55 We can clearly see that Reebok set a price just below the main competitors, this is because they know consumers will want to buy products but still at a cheaper price and still have the satisfaction of buying a good brand name product. Brief history on Reebok Reebok's United Kingdom-based ancestor company was founded for one of the best reasons possible: athletes wanted to run faster. Therefore, in the 1890s, Joseph William Foster made some of the first known running shoes with spikes in them. By 1895, he was in business making shoes by hand for top runners; and before long his fledgling company, J.W. Foster and Sons developed an international clientele of distinguished athletes. In 1958, two of the founder's grandsons started a companion company that came to be known as Reebok, named for an African gazelle. In 1979, Paul Fireman, a partner in an outdoor sporting goods distributorship, spotted Reebok ® shoes at an international trade show. He negotiated for the North American distribution license and introduced three running shoes in the U.S. that year. At $60, they were the most expensive running shoes on the market. By 1981, Reebok's sales exceeded $1.5 million, but a dramatic move was planned for the next year. Reebok would introduce the first athletic shoe designed especially for women; a shoe for a hot new fitness exercise called aerobic dance. The shoe was called the Freestyleâ„ ¢, and with it Reebok anticipated and encouraged three major trends that transformed... ...to try and compete with these two companies there are a number of ways this could happen The factor of Place is not on such a large scale, the outlet is the shop and although products may be offered by post most of the transactions will take place at the shop. However, the customers must in a position in which to offer its services well and easily access the shop. For example, there must be plenty of car parking near by so that the customers can easily access the shop, it should be available to as many customers as possible. The different sorts of sales promotion are I could come up with, if I feel my product is not doing well are : 1. Buy one get one free - this can also be buy one and get something else free. 2. Discounts.- where products are reduced in an effort to sell more. 3. Competitions - used to get people interested in he shop and products. 4. Free gifts – another way to pursued people to buy products. 5. Product trials – allows people to try the products before they buy. 6. Point of sale displays – special displays to promote the products and gain customer awareness. Here is a detailed map of where I am going to place my MD for sale. Sony Centre: Argos: Dixon:

Separating of Compounds

We can use many of Technique or methods for separating of compounds or mixtures and we can by that methods studying of kinetic for reactions ,determine of reaction rate and reaction order . some of those methods are : mass spectrometric , spectrometric ,Chromatographic and Conductance Methods . But in this paper I just talk about chromatographic method . exactly, gas chromatography .Chromatography:A method of separating and analyzing mixtures of chemicalsThe separation, especially of closely related compounds, by allowing a solution or mixture to seep through an adsorbent (such as clay, gel, or paper) so each compound becomes adsorbed into a separate, often colored, layer. Chromatography is a common name for techniques based on the partition of the molecules to be analyzed between a mobile and a stationary phase. Separation is the result of different partitions of molecules between the two phases. Because the best separation of any solutes can be obtained under equilibrium conditions, analytical chemists prefer to use chromatographic systems that are as near to the equilibrium state as possible. However, in the case of preparative chromatography, where the main objective is not the optimal separation of solutes but the maximum yield of one or more solutes at a given purity, the situation is entirely different. Preparation chromatographic separations are generally not equilibrium processes. The high sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility of chromatographic methods have been extensively exploited in food and nutrition science and technology.Gas chromatography methods that are used for studying first-order reaction kinetics by gas chromatography : (1) classical kinetic methods where samples of batch-wise kinetic studies are analyzed by enantioselective gas chromatography, (2) stopped-flow methods performed on one chiral column, (3) stopped-flow methods performed on an achiral column or empty capillary coupled in series with two chiral columns, (4) on-flow method performed on an achiral column coupled in series with two chiral columns, and (5) reaction gas chromatography, known as a dynamic gas chromatography. The following procedures have been developed to determination peak areas of reaction constituents in such complex chromatograms:methods based on computer-assisted simulations of chromatograms where the kinetic activation parameters for the interconversion of enantiomers are obtained by iterative comparison of experimental and simulated chromatograms,stochastic methods based on the simulation of Gaussian distribution functions and using a time-dependent probability density function,approximation function and unified equation,computer-assisted peak deconvolution methods.Fast reaction :Reaction between metal carbonate and acid.- Reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid :CaCO3 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2Reaction between reactive metal and water .-reaction between lithium and water :2Li + 2H2O -> 2LiOH + H2Combustion .-combustion of magnesium in oxygen . 2Mg + O2 -> 2MgOPrecipitation (double decomposition )-precipitation of silver (I) chloride :AgNO3 + HCl -> AgCl + HNO3 Rate :The rate can be measured using apparatus on the rightrate of reaction = d[CaCl2] / t ,or d[CO2] / t or d[H2O] the rate can be decrease or increase with change of temperature , concentration , pressure , surface area or size of molecules . Concentration : when the concentration is decrease the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10 . but we decrease of concentration of calcium carbonate to 2 .rate = -d[2] / 10 . Pressure and temperature : also when decrease the pressure or temperature the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10s . but the time is increase to 20s , because the pressure decrease to 0.5 and temperature decrease to 15 , so the rate = -d [3] / 20s . in a chemical reaction the reactant decrease over time and product increase over time . The rate will decrease over time as the hydrochloric acid is used up (its concentration decreases)The graph in after page shows the volume of gas produced over time in the reaction between HCl and CaCO3 .All three reactions result in the same amount of CO2 gas being produced; however the higher the concentration of HCl, the faster the rate of reaction, thus the less time it takes for the reaction to be complete . The table below shows the time taken to produce 50cm3Â  of CO2Â  for each concentration of HCl :Rate of reaction / cm3 of CO2 s-1 Time take to produce 50 cm3 of CO2/1s Concentration of HCl /mold m-30.86 58 2.00.42 120 2.00,21 235 0.5From the results in the table above, it can be worked out that the rate of reaction is directionally proportional to the concentration of hydrochloric acid, so if you halve the concentration of HCl will be halved, if you quarter the concentration, the rate will be quartered . rate = k [HCl]1 Order :The order of a reaction is not necessarily an integer. The following orders are possible :Zero: A zero order indicates that the concentration of that species does not affect the rate of a reaction .Negative integer: A negative order indicates that the concentration of that species INVERSELY affects the rate of a reaction .Positive integer: A positive order indicates that the concentration of that species DIRECTLY affects the rate of a reaction . Non-Integer: Non-integer orders, both positive and negative, represent more intricate relationships between concentrations and rate in more complex reactions.So, in The reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid is said to be first order with respect to hydrochloric acid .This is because the rate depends upon the concentration of hydrochloric acid to the power one . Technique :we can measure of rate of carbon dioxide by gas chromatography , gas chromatography can separating of compound by boiling point , and you can analyze results on your computer and measuring of rate of CO2 .and you can determine of rate by flow reaction that may be is easer method .